2011 SEG Spring Distinguished Lecture: Virtual Source Method for Imaging and Monitoring Below Complex Overburden

ABSTRACT

Increasing overburden complexity can eventually destroy any type of surface imaging. While it may become intractable to unravel complex wave propagation in processing, it is always possible to capture it with measurement. The virtual source method uses surface shots with downhole receivers placed below the most complex part of the troublesome overburden. The method uses time-reversal logic to create a new downward-continued data set with virtual sources (VSs) at the geophone locations. Since redatuming is driven purely by measurements, it requires no knowledge of the velocity model between shots and receivers. Thus it enables imaging below extremely complex realistic overburden — in fact, the more complex the better. While the price to pay is high – placing geophones in the subsurface, so is the prize – seeing the unseen. Virtual sources are manufactured to our specifications so they can radiate only in the direction we need which proved extremely useful for analysis of VSPs in salt basins. Virtual sources can excite longitudinal waves with no associated shear, or vice versa, thus enabling accurate virtual P- and S-wave check shots below complex salt bodies. Virtual sources are also reproducible for 4D even if the near-surface changes or the shooting geometry is altered slightly. This leads to a variety of applications in permanent monitoring in land and marine where repeatable surveys can be achieved by only burying the receivers.